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hey this is dr thomas c from lockheed

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martin in littleton colorado and there's

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energy in the air it's t minus one just

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about 24 hours before

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this live broadcast starts off the tag

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um and i'm dr laurie glaze i'm the

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director of the planetary science

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division at nasa headquarters and we are

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really looking forward to this big event

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and we're sitting here with a virgil

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massive social and we're answering

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questions that you submit with kyle's

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back to bennu and back

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and we're going to start

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asking and

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actually answering questions and the

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first question we already received is

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from

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stephen martin what delay will there be

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in this signal lori that's a perfect

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question there's actually going to be

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about 18 and a half minutes of delay the

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asteroid bennu and the osiris-rex

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spacecraft are about 200 million miles

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away from earth and so it takes about 18

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and a half minutes for that signal to

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travel all the way back to earth so when

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we say that the tag event is going to

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happen at 6 12 p.m tomorrow

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on eastern time that's the time we

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actually receive that signal back so the

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tag will have happened about 18 and a

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half minutes before that

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but we'll get the information back here

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at 6 12 p.m telling us that the tag was

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successful

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i saw and say lori this is you know we

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learn in school about the speed of

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flight is it's like most of our lives

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the speed of light is so fast it never

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it never matters well it really matters

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yeah the speed of light feels really

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slowly

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if you get uh you know this kind of

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activity

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we cannot choice like this it has to be

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done

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autonomously but that here's the next

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question by norman gregory fernandez

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do you have on board spectrometers so

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you can at least get the chemical makeup

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of the object prior to sample returning

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glory that's a really really good

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question

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so the whole point of the sample return

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is to get those samples back here on

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earth so we can really analyze them in

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detail

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but before that we've spent the last

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almost two years orbiting bennett with

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the osiris-rex spacecraft mapping out

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the surface and yes we do carry a couple

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of spectrometers an ir spectrometer this

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infrared spectrometer and an x-ray

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spectrometer and those really help us to

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learn about the composition and what the

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makeup is of those rocks on the surface

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of venue in fact we found out some

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really information really interesting

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information from those spectrometers we

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already thought that manuals had a lot

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of carbon there on the surface and we've

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confirmed that yes there are these

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carbon

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bearing minerals uh organic molecules

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that are possibly the seeds for life and

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we've been able to identify those with

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with the same instruments actually

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what they call radiation age of a

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so it looks really fresh you know

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when the

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surface gets irradiated by the solar

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wind and the energetic particles that

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are out there in space

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that surface changes it's all so that

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the spectrometers are good enough to

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actually not even guess what the

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composition is overall but even assess

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what the age is and so for me that's

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just so we're prepared we're going to go

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into kind of a recently excavated crater

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so to say just even hundreds of

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thousands of years it's very very young

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as compared to the age of of course the

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earth and the solar system so yeah these

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instruments are really critical yeah and

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it's just amazing to me that we can

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using our instruments remotely not even

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touching the surface yet we can already

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tell

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you know generally just how old that

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that surface is just incredible

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all right so let's go to brian on

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twitter who asks

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does the head act as a vacuum

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and suck up samples or is there any

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drilling that happens right that is an

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outstanding question this is a really

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clever device that was developed here at

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lockheed martin in lilton colorado they

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developed this

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really basic simple uh

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head on this arm

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that acts like kind of a reverse vacuum

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cleaner it's actually really very basic

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with no really moving parts and very

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simple uh kind of design so that as the

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tag the touch and go head touches the

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surface of venue they're gonna fire up a

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nitrogen canister that blows nitrogen

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through and then it acts like um a

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reverse vacuum so

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uh that it puts pressure inside the head

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and then of course there's uh no

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pressure outside it's a vacuum and it

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wants to suck that nitrogen out and as

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it sucks the nitrogen out through this

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air filter it'll pull in those particles

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and deposit them inside that filter so

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that we can capture them and bring them

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back

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great explanation so let's go to ethan

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on twitter who asks

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what landing on the asteroid change the

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asteroid's trajectory that's a really

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interesting question and something that

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we think about a lot because as we think

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about uh maybe to potentially someday

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trying to move an asteroid or adjusted

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orbit and we want to understand those

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kinds of things of course

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but in this particular case benue is so

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big it is uh it's really quite a large

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asteroid it's about 500 meters across

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um so think about five football fields

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across

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and

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with the spacecraft is really fairly

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small compared to that the spacecraft is

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about the size of a 15 passenger van and

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so as it touches the surface of venue

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it's really only going to kiss it for

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just a couple of seconds and then back

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away and so just that combination of the

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very very small mass of the spacecraft

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relative to the asteroid and the fact

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that it really only touches it just for

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a very very short time it's going to

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have no impact on the trajectory of the

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asteroid so it's a really interesting

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question right because it's it's both

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about

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the fundamental physics and it's also

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about is it important what's happening

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so the answer is of course it won't

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change but it's such a tiny tiny tiny

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little bit

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that really it doesn't matter there's so

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many other things

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that are much more important for example

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the big rocks in the asteroid belt that

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are flying by some of them we don't even

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know how heavy they really are they're

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actually rattling on this uh on this

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penguin disaster a lot more

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than this particular landing board right

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so so just it's important physics work

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right yes of course it does

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but it's a tiny little bit it really

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doesn't matter as compared to all the

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other forces

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that are out there talking about forces

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here is a question

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by a cop star on twitter who asks what's

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the gravitational pull of such a small

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object spinning through space wow that's

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a really really good question and i

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don't know that i know the exact

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gravitational pull but it is really

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really small

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um you know compared to

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even the moon or other small bodies in

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the solar system the gravitational pull

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is really really uh low and so trying to

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navigate our spacecraft around uh this

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asteroid has really been a talent um

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because it's

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every little every little move uh is

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it's

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sorry i don't know the exact amount i

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have to go look that up it's a great

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question all right youngster here's a

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commitment to you we're going to give

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you on my twitter account which is dr

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thomas c

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we're going to give you the exact uh

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answer there but here's here's what

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actually is important and you didn't put

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it in your question and actually turns

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out it really matters where you are

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to assess that gravitational pull

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because of the fact that the object is

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so small remember it's it's big it's as

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big as the entire stone building you

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know in in height and even a little bit

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bigger around the midsection so if you

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say

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uh because of that you know if you stand

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where if you're right on the surface you

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have a given gravitational pull

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which is the number we're going to post

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but if you're farther back and you're

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coming in in orbit you're actually

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several you're farther back from that

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the gravitational pull goes down the

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force with one over the distance squared

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or so

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off the uh off the uh of the body

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standard once you go

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twice the distance it goes down to a

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fourth uh to 25

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of the force so it's a tiny little force

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it's breaking all the records we've

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never been in orbit and then the smaller

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object

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that uh the answer to give the answer

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we're just going to assume long distance

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just so we can answer it with one number

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as opposed to something bigger i hope

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that that uh helps topstar and i'm

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really glad for the question

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and here's ray on twitter who asks i

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want to know the process of how one

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determines something

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is 4.5 billion years old yes pick up the

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rack

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and say how old is that how do you know

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something is really really old that's a

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really good question and there's a

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couple of different techniques that are

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used um but one of the things that we

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can do is take some

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some elements that are present in some

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of these rocks actually

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are radioactive and decay over time and

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they change from one type of element to

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another type of element as they decay

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over time

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and by looking at the ratios of these

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various different elements it gives us a

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sense of just how much time that

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particular of the first element was

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there and how long it's had that time to

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decay and that's how we get a sense of

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just how old some of these rocks are

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yeah that's a really really good answer

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you know what's really what's really

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amazing if you look at nature there's

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all these clocks around right if you

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look at the tree trunk you see these

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you see these kind of yearly

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kind of rings which are come from slower

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and faster growth depending on what

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temperature it is you know especially if

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there's strong seasons that become even

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more just like a very large scale see

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the universe which is expanding which

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gives another time spell and then in the

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middle are these kind of claps these

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atomic clocks that really are going down

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00:11:28,470 --> 00:11:27,279
that's also how we're kind of assessing

282
00:11:30,389 --> 00:11:28,480
for example

283
00:11:32,150 --> 00:11:30,399
how you know if you look at the outer

284
00:11:33,829 --> 00:11:32,160
atmosphere given

285
00:11:36,230 --> 00:11:33,839
a different element of that atmosphere

286
00:11:38,630 --> 00:11:36,240
how long is it there we can measure it

287
00:11:40,230 --> 00:11:38,640
by using the same kind of clock so it's

288
00:11:41,829 --> 00:11:40,240
just a really cool

289
00:11:43,350 --> 00:11:41,839
way of doing that so it's a whole bunch

290
00:11:44,630 --> 00:11:43,360
of things that depending on the question

291
00:11:47,350 --> 00:11:44,640
is you're using

292
00:11:49,110 --> 00:11:47,360
you need to write take the right clock

293
00:11:51,509 --> 00:11:49,120
well now that's what some of my favorite

294
00:11:53,829 --> 00:11:51,519
questions come from elementary school uh

295
00:12:02,150 --> 00:11:53,839
students from virginia who would like to

296
00:12:07,190 --> 00:12:05,350
that is such a good good question and

297
00:12:09,350 --> 00:12:07,200
there are lots of reasons why this

298
00:12:11,350 --> 00:12:09,360
mission is so important so i'll try to

299
00:12:13,670 --> 00:12:11,360
touch on some of these

300
00:12:15,910 --> 00:12:13,680
one of the first reasons is that the

301
00:12:18,870 --> 00:12:15,920
asteroids that are out there in space in

302
00:12:21,110 --> 00:12:18,880
the solar system are these remnants

303
00:12:23,030 --> 00:12:21,120
they're left over from when the solar

304
00:12:25,590 --> 00:12:23,040
system formed four and a half billion

305
00:12:27,910 --> 00:12:25,600
years ago and so by looking at the

306
00:12:29,750 --> 00:12:27,920
asteroids and studying that setting them

307
00:12:32,550 --> 00:12:29,760
under we can learn and start to

308
00:12:35,190 --> 00:12:32,560
understand what that material was that

309
00:12:37,110 --> 00:12:35,200
turned into and made our planets and so

310
00:12:39,190 --> 00:12:37,120
that's really really important and

311
00:12:41,190 --> 00:12:39,200
fundamental to understand

312
00:12:43,030 --> 00:12:41,200
what that material was

313
00:12:45,190 --> 00:12:43,040
another thing that's really important

314
00:12:47,269 --> 00:12:45,200
about this mission is i talked a little

315
00:12:49,590 --> 00:12:47,279
bit about the carbon molecules and the

316
00:12:51,590 --> 00:12:49,600
organic molecules that are present and

317
00:12:53,430 --> 00:12:51,600
the minerals that might have water tied

318
00:12:55,509 --> 00:12:53,440
up in those minerals

319
00:12:57,829 --> 00:12:55,519
asteroids are one way that those organic

320
00:12:59,670 --> 00:12:57,839
molecules and water molecules get

321
00:13:01,670 --> 00:12:59,680
delivered to earth when asteroids come

322
00:13:03,430 --> 00:13:01,680
in through our atmosphere and they

323
00:13:05,590 --> 00:13:03,440
impact on earth they bring water and

324
00:13:07,670 --> 00:13:05,600
organic molecules and those could be the

325
00:13:10,069 --> 00:13:07,680
things that started life

326
00:13:11,590 --> 00:13:10,079
you know some time ago and

327
00:13:13,350 --> 00:13:11,600
we want to understand what those

328
00:13:14,949 --> 00:13:13,360
building blocks look like and how they

329
00:13:16,790 --> 00:13:14,959
got to earth and how they might be

330
00:13:19,430 --> 00:13:16,800
distributed at other places and how does

331
00:13:21,269 --> 00:13:19,440
life actually form so that's the second

332
00:13:26,790 --> 00:13:21,279
really important reason

333
00:13:29,990 --> 00:13:26,800
sometimes these asteroids can be

334
00:13:33,110 --> 00:13:30,000
dangerous to us here on earth sometimes

335
00:13:35,269 --> 00:13:33,120
they can come and intersect with our

336
00:13:37,350 --> 00:13:35,279
orbit around the sun at the same time

337
00:13:38,710 --> 00:13:37,360
we're there and if that happens if

338
00:13:41,509 --> 00:13:38,720
they're big enough that could be a

339
00:13:43,670 --> 00:13:41,519
problem it can cause a lot of damage and

340
00:13:45,430 --> 00:13:43,680
so we want to really understand these

341
00:13:47,350 --> 00:13:45,440
asteroids we want to understand how

342
00:13:49,350 --> 00:13:47,360
they're held together what kind of

343
00:13:51,670 --> 00:13:49,360
materials they're made out of what their

344
00:13:54,230 --> 00:13:51,680
trajectories are maybe how do they orbit

345
00:13:57,189 --> 00:13:54,240
around the sun so we can very precisely

346
00:13:59,990 --> 00:13:57,199
predict when and if they might intersect

347
00:14:03,189 --> 00:14:00,000
with earth and impact earth to help us

348
00:14:05,030 --> 00:14:03,199
better be prepared when that happens

349
00:14:05,829 --> 00:14:05,040
i love that answer i mean for me one of

350
00:14:08,470 --> 00:14:05,839
the

351
00:14:11,189 --> 00:14:08,480
things that i learned from really

352
00:14:14,310 --> 00:14:11,199
results from this mission is how

353
00:14:17,269 --> 00:14:14,320
the actual analysis of the astrolage

354
00:14:19,750 --> 00:14:17,279
itself really helps us understand how

355
00:14:22,230 --> 00:14:19,760
radiation shapes the orbit

356
00:14:23,590 --> 00:14:22,240
of of this particular object and then

357
00:14:25,990 --> 00:14:23,600
for our father so it really helps

358
00:14:29,030 --> 00:14:26,000
predict you know and if one of those

359
00:14:31,350 --> 00:14:29,040
bodies came heroin towards the earth

360
00:14:33,509 --> 00:14:31,360
it would give us a much better way of

361
00:14:35,430 --> 00:14:33,519
actually mourning people and move out of

362
00:14:38,230 --> 00:14:35,440
the way and really protect

363
00:14:40,389 --> 00:14:38,240
life you know for those kind of

364
00:14:42,389 --> 00:14:40,399
events that happen unfortunately from

365
00:14:44,230 --> 00:14:42,399
time to time yeah and in addition to

366
00:14:46,629 --> 00:14:44,240
helping us prepare so we can get out of

367
00:14:48,710 --> 00:14:46,639
the way which is very important

368
00:14:50,949 --> 00:14:48,720
if we know about them soon enough if we

369
00:14:52,870 --> 00:14:50,959
have a long enough warning

370
00:14:55,110 --> 00:14:52,880
we might even be able to

371
00:14:57,509 --> 00:14:55,120
send another spacecraft out that could

372
00:15:00,069 --> 00:14:57,519
make small tiny adjustments in the orbit

373
00:15:02,629 --> 00:15:00,079
of the asteroid so that when it crosses

374
00:15:04,230 --> 00:15:02,639
path we're not there and so that would

375
00:15:05,910 --> 00:15:04,240
be that would help keep us safe as well

376
00:15:07,110 --> 00:15:05,920
so there's a variety of things we could

377
00:15:08,629 --> 00:15:07,120
do

378
00:15:11,110 --> 00:15:08,639
have you ever

379
00:15:14,389 --> 00:15:11,120
done this bumped

380
00:15:16,230 --> 00:15:14,399
do that i'm um glad you asked um in fact

381
00:15:17,670 --> 00:15:16,240
we're in the process right now of

382
00:15:20,949 --> 00:15:17,680
building a mission that's gonna be the

383
00:15:24,310 --> 00:15:20,959
first ever test of how we can

384
00:15:26,550 --> 00:15:24,320
uh move or gently bump or nudge an

385
00:15:28,790 --> 00:15:26,560
asteroid out of the way and we actually

386
00:15:31,350 --> 00:15:28,800
have a mission called double asteroid

387
00:15:33,990 --> 00:15:31,360
redirection test uh that's going to

388
00:15:36,629 --> 00:15:34,000
launch next summer in 2021 and it's

389
00:15:38,710 --> 00:15:36,639
going to intersect with another asteroid

390
00:15:40,629 --> 00:15:38,720
called crowded

391
00:15:43,030 --> 00:15:40,639
and we're going to run through the front

392
00:15:44,790 --> 00:15:43,040
bottom to its little small moon and

393
00:15:46,629 --> 00:15:44,800
hopefully change its orbit we can test

394
00:15:48,870 --> 00:15:46,639
that technique and see just how well it

395
00:15:51,590 --> 00:15:48,880
works all right so why is it important

396
00:15:53,269 --> 00:15:51,600
number one it tells us about the history

397
00:15:55,269 --> 00:15:53,279
of the solar system

398
00:15:57,350 --> 00:15:55,279
number two it gives us important

399
00:16:00,389 --> 00:15:57,360
information about the history of life

400
00:16:02,629 --> 00:16:00,399
itself and number three it's useful

401
00:16:05,189 --> 00:16:02,639
because it helps us get better warning

402
00:16:07,990 --> 00:16:05,199
for objects that may hurt us on earth

403
00:16:10,389 --> 00:16:08,000
that in fact even potentially help us

404
00:16:13,350 --> 00:16:10,399
bump those out of the way based on the

405
00:16:15,670 --> 00:16:13,360
information we have exactly so here is

406
00:16:17,829 --> 00:16:15,680
uh a question from

407
00:16:21,509 --> 00:16:17,839
cosmo

408
00:16:24,310 --> 00:16:21,519
wow that's the most amazing name ever on

409
00:16:26,710 --> 00:16:24,320
twitter because mariositis scientists

410
00:16:29,189 --> 00:16:26,720
say that samples or cyrus rex will

411
00:16:30,790 --> 00:16:29,199
collect will be very important because

412
00:16:33,590 --> 00:16:30,800
they will reveal us a lot about

413
00:16:37,749 --> 00:16:33,600
information about our solar system

414
00:16:40,949 --> 00:16:37,759
but how will they do it can actually 60

415
00:16:42,550 --> 00:16:40,959
grams of rock and dust give us that much

416
00:16:45,269 --> 00:16:42,560
information

417
00:16:47,350 --> 00:16:45,279
yes so 60 grams doesn't sound like very

418
00:16:49,670 --> 00:16:47,360
much in fact i think if i remember

419
00:16:52,230 --> 00:16:49,680
correctly it's about two ounces it's

420
00:16:54,629 --> 00:16:52,240
about if you are holding a candy bar

421
00:16:57,189 --> 00:16:54,639
it's about as heavy as a candy bar so it

422
00:17:00,230 --> 00:16:57,199
doesn't seem like very much but actually

423
00:17:02,230 --> 00:17:00,240
this is going to be the biggest sample

424
00:17:04,789 --> 00:17:02,240
that we've collected

425
00:17:06,549 --> 00:17:04,799
in outer space except for the apollo

426
00:17:08,870 --> 00:17:06,559
samples where we had astronauts that

427
00:17:10,710 --> 00:17:08,880
picked up rocks on the surface of the of

428
00:17:12,390 --> 00:17:10,720
the moon so this is going to actually be

429
00:17:14,870 --> 00:17:12,400
the biggest sample we've brought back

430
00:17:17,750 --> 00:17:14,880
since apollo and there is actually an

431
00:17:21,829 --> 00:17:17,760
incredible amount we can

432
00:17:23,909 --> 00:17:21,839
grams and in fact even that 60 grams

433
00:17:27,829 --> 00:17:23,919
we're gonna put three quarters of that

434
00:17:30,070 --> 00:17:27,839
75 of that sample we're going to save it

435
00:17:31,669 --> 00:17:30,080
for our future for people to use in the

436
00:17:33,270 --> 00:17:31,679
future so this mission we're just going

437
00:17:36,470 --> 00:17:33,280
to look at a small part and we can look

438
00:17:38,950 --> 00:17:36,480
at little tiny brains we can look at

439
00:17:40,710 --> 00:17:38,960
all aspects and very tiny bits of that

440
00:17:42,789 --> 00:17:40,720
sample so it's really going to be

441
00:17:44,710 --> 00:17:42,799
amazing we'll take those little samples

442
00:17:46,310 --> 00:17:44,720
and we'll put them in our state

443
00:17:48,549 --> 00:17:46,320
state-of-the-art instruments that are

444
00:17:50,630 --> 00:17:48,559
here on earth um and we'll really be

445
00:17:53,909 --> 00:17:50,640
able to learn an incredible amount about

446
00:17:57,110 --> 00:17:53,919
what what makes up those rocks on dinner

447
00:17:59,510 --> 00:17:57,120
we had a mission called stardust quite a

448
00:18:00,390 --> 00:17:59,520
while ago and it brought back tiny

449
00:18:03,909 --> 00:18:00,400
little

450
00:18:07,270 --> 00:18:03,919
grains from a comet the first suction

451
00:18:09,430 --> 00:18:07,280
has you know grain samples to come back

452
00:18:11,590 --> 00:18:09,440
and those tiny little brand if you added

453
00:18:13,750 --> 00:18:11,600
them up i don't know where they were a

454
00:18:16,390 --> 00:18:13,760
single

455
00:18:18,789 --> 00:18:16,400
have to tell you there are you know many

456
00:18:21,110 --> 00:18:18,799
many different publications that came

457
00:18:22,950 --> 00:18:21,120
from that and one of the key reasons

458
00:18:25,510 --> 00:18:22,960
many people forget

459
00:18:27,669 --> 00:18:25,520
is the analysis techniques are so

460
00:18:29,270 --> 00:18:27,679
sophisticated

461
00:18:30,950 --> 00:18:29,280
scientists can basically take the

462
00:18:33,669 --> 00:18:30,960
tiniest amount

463
00:18:36,470 --> 00:18:33,679
of data and answer the questions

464
00:18:38,310 --> 00:18:36,480
of the topic that that we talked about

465
00:18:41,350 --> 00:18:38,320
earlier you know these compositional

466
00:18:43,669 --> 00:18:41,360
questions and so if you look at this uh

467
00:18:47,029 --> 00:18:43,679
you know what take a few sugar packs for

468
00:18:49,590 --> 00:18:47,039
like 30 super packs of of material

469
00:18:51,909 --> 00:18:49,600
there's a lot of samples there for many

470
00:18:53,430 --> 00:18:51,919
many years to come so we really look

471
00:18:56,070 --> 00:18:53,440
forward to that

472
00:18:58,789 --> 00:18:56,080
that's another question okay

473
00:19:00,870 --> 00:18:58,799
since this is a sample return mission

474
00:19:03,350 --> 00:19:00,880
are there any planetary protection

475
00:19:05,029 --> 00:19:03,360
measures that need to be put in place

476
00:19:06,870 --> 00:19:05,039
for this kind of mission do you mind

477
00:19:09,110 --> 00:19:06,880
first explaining what planet protection

478
00:19:11,590 --> 00:19:09,120
is and then answering the questions sure

479
00:19:14,710 --> 00:19:11,600
that's a really good question so when we

480
00:19:16,789 --> 00:19:14,720
talk about planetary protection uh this

481
00:19:19,830 --> 00:19:16,799
is an important topic um both

482
00:19:22,150 --> 00:19:19,840
scientifically and for people's health

483
00:19:24,789 --> 00:19:22,160
uh when we send a mission for example

484
00:19:27,190 --> 00:19:24,799
when we go to mars we want to be very

485
00:19:29,430 --> 00:19:27,200
careful that we don't contaminate mars

486
00:19:31,909 --> 00:19:29,440
with our with anything that came from

487
00:19:34,150 --> 00:19:31,919
earth so we want to protect that

488
00:19:36,950 --> 00:19:34,160
environment as well and when we bring

489
00:19:38,549 --> 00:19:36,960
samples back from some place like venu

490
00:19:41,510 --> 00:19:38,559
we want to make sure that if there's

491
00:19:42,390 --> 00:19:41,520
something there that might make us sick

492
00:19:44,870 --> 00:19:42,400
we want to make sure that we're

493
00:19:47,270 --> 00:19:44,880
protecting against that as well

494
00:19:49,669 --> 00:19:47,280
but i'll say that on bennu we really

495
00:19:51,350 --> 00:19:49,679
don't expect there to be anything there

496
00:19:53,590 --> 00:19:51,360
that could be harmful

497
00:19:56,150 --> 00:19:53,600
so the planetary protection requirements

498
00:19:58,789 --> 00:19:56,160
for an asteroid sample return

499
00:20:00,870 --> 00:19:58,799
um are pretty minimal uh the asteroid's

500
00:20:02,950 --> 00:20:00,880
been out there

501
00:20:04,630 --> 00:20:02,960
in the solar system rotating around

502
00:20:07,110 --> 00:20:04,640
orbiting around the sun for four and a

503
00:20:09,350 --> 00:20:07,120
half billion years subject to all the

504
00:20:12,230 --> 00:20:09,360
radiation from the sun and the solar

505
00:20:15,350 --> 00:20:12,240
wind and and if there were anything

506
00:20:17,110 --> 00:20:15,360
these organic molecules are there um are

507
00:20:18,470 --> 00:20:17,120
are not actually life they're just

508
00:20:20,390 --> 00:20:18,480
building blocks they're just the key

509
00:20:21,350 --> 00:20:20,400
elements that might but we don't expect

510
00:20:23,669 --> 00:20:21,360
there would be anything that could

511
00:20:25,430 --> 00:20:23,679
actually live in that environment

512
00:20:27,669 --> 00:20:25,440
so it's really important to this answer

513
00:20:29,909 --> 00:20:27,679
and of course you're applying it we did

514
00:20:32,230 --> 00:20:29,919
think of this already

515
00:20:34,710 --> 00:20:32,240
and we based on everything we know from

516
00:20:36,789 --> 00:20:34,720
science we made a decision and what we

517
00:20:39,510 --> 00:20:36,799
need to do and in this case there's

518
00:20:42,549 --> 00:20:39,520
really very little no no danger of any

519
00:20:44,390 --> 00:20:42,559
type that uh and from that perspective

520
00:20:46,070 --> 00:20:44,400
yeah and i mentioned that

521
00:20:48,470 --> 00:20:46,080
you know we get uh

522
00:20:51,590 --> 00:20:48,480
bits of asteroids coming onto earth

523
00:20:52,950 --> 00:20:51,600
every day uh through uh meteorites that

524
00:20:54,950 --> 00:20:52,960
come through the atmosphere and they

525
00:20:57,830 --> 00:20:54,960
also contain similar types of these

526
00:21:00,310 --> 00:20:57,840
organic molecules and uh and they aren't

527
00:21:02,230 --> 00:21:00,320
dangerous either they have been with us

528
00:21:03,350 --> 00:21:02,240
and our parents and grandparents and so

529
00:21:05,909 --> 00:21:03,360
forth

530
00:21:07,350 --> 00:21:05,919
where in the solar system glory is the

531
00:21:09,750 --> 00:21:07,360
asteroid

532
00:21:12,789 --> 00:21:09,760
so that's a really good question

533
00:21:14,470 --> 00:21:12,799
uh most of the asteroids in that we

534
00:21:16,950 --> 00:21:14,480
think about in our solar system are in

535
00:21:19,590 --> 00:21:16,960
what we call the main belt of asteroids

536
00:21:22,230 --> 00:21:19,600
which is between mars and jupiter but

537
00:21:24,149 --> 00:21:22,240
blue is interesting because it's in kind

538
00:21:25,029 --> 00:21:24,159
of an unusual orbit

539
00:21:27,430 --> 00:21:25,039
that

540
00:21:29,350 --> 00:21:27,440
comes out and then comes in close to

541
00:21:32,149 --> 00:21:29,360
earth it's what we call a near-earth

542
00:21:34,230 --> 00:21:32,159
object and so it's in kind of an unusual

543
00:21:36,950 --> 00:21:34,240
orbit it's going around the sun

544
00:21:38,870 --> 00:21:36,960
but it's not trapped in that that space

545
00:21:40,870 --> 00:21:38,880
between mars and jupiter it periodically

546
00:21:43,350 --> 00:21:40,880
comes in that's why we worry about

547
00:21:45,510 --> 00:21:43,360
potentially coming near earth sometime

548
00:21:46,310 --> 00:21:45,520
it's a near-earth object so

549
00:21:49,830 --> 00:21:46,320
that's

550
00:21:51,909 --> 00:21:49,840
now uh it's it's pretty far away so

551
00:21:53,669 --> 00:21:51,919
where uh where we are one side of the

552
00:21:55,190 --> 00:21:53,679
sun it's almost all the way around on

553
00:21:56,870 --> 00:21:55,200
the other side of the sun

554
00:21:57,990 --> 00:21:56,880
that's right so it's it's really from

555
00:21:59,669 --> 00:21:58,000
our away

556
00:22:01,909 --> 00:21:59,679
most of the time

557
00:22:06,470 --> 00:22:01,919
bandung is actually less than 18 and a

558
00:22:08,149 --> 00:22:06,480
half right minutes away from earth

559
00:22:10,230 --> 00:22:08,159
you know because it's closer but right

560
00:22:12,390 --> 00:22:10,240
now it's really pretty much on the other

561
00:22:15,669 --> 00:22:12,400
side there so so that's great so i'm

562
00:22:19,510 --> 00:22:15,679
going to combine two questions into one

563
00:22:22,390 --> 00:22:19,520
and that is how fast does osiris-rex

564
00:22:24,549 --> 00:22:22,400
touch down and or what is the maximum

565
00:22:27,990 --> 00:22:24,559
amount of time allotted for the

566
00:22:30,630 --> 00:22:28,000
spacecraft to remain active

567
00:22:32,390 --> 00:22:30,640
okay so how fast is it going when it

568
00:22:34,789 --> 00:22:32,400
touches down and we were just talking

569
00:22:37,350 --> 00:22:34,799
about this with the team earlier today

570
00:22:40,310 --> 00:22:37,360
and the spacecraft actually is moving

571
00:22:41,990 --> 00:22:40,320
very very slowly and when they they've

572
00:22:44,230 --> 00:22:42,000
got a couple of maneuvers they have to

573
00:22:45,830 --> 00:22:44,240
make to set it up so they can come down

574
00:22:48,070 --> 00:22:45,840
and take the sample

575
00:22:50,870 --> 00:22:48,080
and those are very very microscopic

576
00:22:51,990 --> 00:22:50,880
changing the uh the velocity of just

577
00:22:54,470 --> 00:22:52,000
really by

578
00:22:56,870 --> 00:22:54,480
a fraction of a centimeter per second

579
00:22:58,390 --> 00:22:56,880
and as the spacecraft comes down to take

580
00:23:00,390 --> 00:22:58,400
the sample it's going to be moving on

581
00:23:02,390 --> 00:23:00,400
the order of about 10 centimeters per

582
00:23:04,630 --> 00:23:02,400
second as it comes in

583
00:23:06,549 --> 00:23:04,640
very very slowly it's going to touch the

584
00:23:08,230 --> 00:23:06,559
surface for a couple of seconds and then

585
00:23:09,590 --> 00:23:08,240
it's going to start backing away again

586
00:23:11,270 --> 00:23:09,600
slowly

587
00:23:13,190 --> 00:23:11,280
and that's the trick reolder and once we

588
00:23:15,830 --> 00:23:13,200
learn how to drive cars if you want to

589
00:23:16,710 --> 00:23:15,840
park into a tight stop you go slowly

590
00:23:19,669 --> 00:23:16,720
right

591
00:23:22,470 --> 00:23:19,679
so we're trying to do that here as well

592
00:23:25,510 --> 00:23:22,480
very short time there but really the

593
00:23:27,510 --> 00:23:25,520
roll up to it is hours literally of

594
00:23:29,430 --> 00:23:27,520
activity to make sure that everything

595
00:23:31,590 --> 00:23:29,440
goes exactly the right way

596
00:23:33,909 --> 00:23:31,600
so here's a question for you

597
00:23:36,070 --> 00:23:33,919
are there any instruments or experiments

598
00:23:39,750 --> 00:23:36,080
that the team tried to fit in this

599
00:23:42,789 --> 00:23:39,760
project that ultimately had to drop

600
00:23:44,950 --> 00:23:42,799
oh this is looking back um i'm sure that

601
00:23:47,909 --> 00:23:44,960
that is true because doing a mission of

602
00:23:49,909 --> 00:23:47,919
this size is really really challenging

603
00:23:52,470 --> 00:23:49,919
and it's it's critically important for

604
00:23:54,789 --> 00:23:52,480
the team to to focus in on the science

605
00:23:56,230 --> 00:23:54,799
we would love to send every instrument

606
00:23:58,710 --> 00:23:56,240
we could think of

607
00:24:00,549 --> 00:23:58,720
on a mission like this um

608
00:24:02,310 --> 00:24:00,559
but we do have to focus and that

609
00:24:04,310 --> 00:24:02,320
generally means that that something's

610
00:24:05,909 --> 00:24:04,320
not going to go

611
00:24:08,470 --> 00:24:05,919
and i seem to recall there was something

612
00:24:10,870 --> 00:24:08,480
that got uh jumped that that had to be

613
00:24:12,710 --> 00:24:10,880
taken off of the mission uh as it was

614
00:24:13,830 --> 00:24:12,720
going through its original part of its

615
00:24:15,430 --> 00:24:13,840
uh

616
00:24:17,269 --> 00:24:15,440
competitive face when it was being

617
00:24:19,029 --> 00:24:17,279
proposed i don't remember exactly what

618
00:24:20,630 --> 00:24:19,039
instrument it was but i know there was

619
00:24:23,190 --> 00:24:20,640
one that came off as it was getting

620
00:24:24,789 --> 00:24:23,200
ready to go into its final selection so

621
00:24:26,950 --> 00:24:24,799
that's the story for you

622
00:24:29,110 --> 00:24:26,960
i've never told you that that you know

623
00:24:30,710 --> 00:24:29,120
mike drake was the first principal

624
00:24:32,390 --> 00:24:30,720
investigator and unfortunately he's no

625
00:24:33,669 --> 00:24:32,400
longer with us

626
00:24:37,110 --> 00:24:33,679
and he

627
00:24:40,230 --> 00:24:37,120
actually told me how he struggled to get

628
00:24:42,149 --> 00:24:40,240
all that science we had a drink together

629
00:24:44,310 --> 00:24:42,159
after i meet and he told me how hard it

630
00:24:46,549 --> 00:24:44,320
all fit the answer to that question is

631
00:24:48,710 --> 00:24:46,559
always yes yeah it's just the way it

632
00:24:50,470 --> 00:24:48,720
works but of course the answer to my

633
00:24:52,710 --> 00:24:50,480
question is always as we try to get the

634
00:24:54,549 --> 00:24:52,720
absolutely most important instrument

635
00:24:55,909 --> 00:24:54,559
there will always be more instruments if

636
00:24:58,870 --> 00:24:55,919
we desire

637
00:25:01,350 --> 00:24:58,880
to do so so i'm going to go to my scenes

638
00:25:03,750 --> 00:25:01,360
a question on twitter who asked do you

639
00:25:07,590 --> 00:25:03,760
think bennu and ryoko

640
00:25:10,230 --> 00:25:07,600
are of the same uh parent body if so why

641
00:25:12,149 --> 00:25:10,240
is it possible to find out when the

642
00:25:13,590 --> 00:25:12,159
parent body broke up and what the

643
00:25:15,669 --> 00:25:13,600
material how the material would have

644
00:25:17,510 --> 00:25:15,679
chemically evolved that's a really

645
00:25:20,470 --> 00:25:17,520
interesting question because

646
00:25:22,789 --> 00:25:20,480
when you look at ryugu and bennu if you

647
00:25:25,430 --> 00:25:22,799
didn't know the difference they actually

648
00:25:27,510 --> 00:25:25,440
look really really similar they both

649
00:25:30,230 --> 00:25:27,520
have the same kind of shape they both

650
00:25:31,029 --> 00:25:30,240
got really blocky surfaces

651
00:25:33,750 --> 00:25:31,039
um

652
00:25:35,909 --> 00:25:33,760
but in fact they are compositionally

653
00:25:39,350 --> 00:25:35,919
they're very different

654
00:25:41,909 --> 00:25:39,360
when we look at bennu and we see

655
00:25:44,070 --> 00:25:41,919
rocks on the surface that have minerals

656
00:25:46,149 --> 00:25:44,080
that contain water we know that there's

657
00:25:48,149 --> 00:25:46,159
water trapped in some of those minerals

658
00:25:50,789 --> 00:25:48,159
and we see these uh

659
00:25:52,470 --> 00:25:50,799
the carbon compounds there at ryugu what

660
00:25:54,230 --> 00:25:52,480
we think we saw is actually something

661
00:25:56,470 --> 00:25:54,240
that was much drier that didn't

662
00:25:59,190 --> 00:25:56,480
necessarily have those water-based as

663
00:26:01,029 --> 00:25:59,200
many of those water-based minerals so

664
00:26:02,549 --> 00:26:01,039
they seem compositionally somewhat

665
00:26:04,149 --> 00:26:02,559
different

666
00:26:05,590 --> 00:26:04,159
in this particular case we don't think

667
00:26:07,430 --> 00:26:05,600
that they're

668
00:26:09,430 --> 00:26:07,440
genetically related

669
00:26:11,510 --> 00:26:09,440
but we do look for those kinds of things

670
00:26:13,590 --> 00:26:11,520
uh for lots of asteroids there are you

671
00:26:15,430 --> 00:26:13,600
can tell that when they break up they

672
00:26:16,789 --> 00:26:15,440
travel together they continue moving

673
00:26:18,950 --> 00:26:16,799
together and we can tell that they're

674
00:26:21,029 --> 00:26:18,960
from the same kind of family kind of

675
00:26:22,870 --> 00:26:21,039
asteroids that maybe of a parent that

676
00:26:24,789 --> 00:26:22,880
broke up but we don't think we're

677
00:26:26,630 --> 00:26:24,799
and

678
00:26:28,390 --> 00:26:26,640
so before i ask you the last question i

679
00:26:30,710 --> 00:26:28,400
just want to remind everybody that they

680
00:26:32,710 --> 00:26:30,720
could continue in the discussion

681
00:26:36,390 --> 00:26:32,720
that has that to pendulum and back of

682
00:26:39,830 --> 00:26:36,400
course the time is at 6 00 12 eastern

683
00:26:43,029 --> 00:26:39,840
tomorrow and the nasa tv uh starts the

684
00:26:44,789 --> 00:26:43,039
program at five o'clock eastern to 6 30

685
00:26:46,870 --> 00:26:44,799
and i was so excited for that and here's

686
00:26:48,549 --> 00:26:46,880
the last question which is how long will

687
00:26:51,029 --> 00:26:48,559
it take for the samples to come back to

688
00:26:52,470 --> 00:26:51,039
earth that's a great question

689
00:26:53,830 --> 00:26:52,480
the big deal is tomorrow we're going to

690
00:26:55,510 --> 00:26:53,840
collect the sample but then what's

691
00:26:57,510 --> 00:26:55,520
really important is when do we get to

692
00:26:59,590 --> 00:26:57,520
actually look at the samples they are

693
00:27:03,669 --> 00:26:59,600
actually going to return to earth in

694
00:27:05,190 --> 00:27:03,679
september of 2023 so about three years a

695
00:27:06,950 --> 00:27:05,200
little less than three years they'll be

696
00:27:08,710 --> 00:27:06,960
back on the surface of the earth and

697
00:27:10,390 --> 00:27:08,720
we'll be able to open up that capsule

698
00:27:12,549 --> 00:27:10,400
and start the analysis

699
00:27:14,470 --> 00:27:12,559
we look forward to that and of course to

700
00:27:16,789 --> 00:27:14,480
tomorrow thank you so much all of you

701
00:27:18,870 --> 00:27:16,799
for the questions and continue

702
00:27:21,029 --> 00:27:18,880
interacting with us listen to this

703
00:27:23,590 --> 00:27:21,039
amazing broadcast

704
00:27:26,230 --> 00:27:23,600
in various subways and as especially